Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs early in pregnancy, specifically during the first month, when the spinal column fails to develop or close completely. It impacts roughly 1,500 pregnancies annually in the U.S., with current statistics showing about 7 out of every 10,000 live births affected. Although the incidence seems to be declining, the Spina Bifida Association estimates that over 166,000 individuals in the U.S. are living with this condition.
Understanding Spina Bifida: Effects, Risks, Diagnosis, and Prevention
The effects of spina bifida vary widely among individuals. Up to 90% of children with the most severe form experience hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid on the brain), necessitating surgical intervention to place a “shunt” for fluid drainage—this shunt remains for life. Other complications can include partial or complete paralysis, difficulties with bladder and bowel control, learning disabilities, social and emotional challenges, and even a latex allergy.
Who is at Risk?
The exact causes remain unclear, as both genetic and environmental elements likely contribute to the development of spina bifida. Notably, 95% of neural tube defects (NTDs) occur in women who have no family history of these conditions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), certain risk factors can elevate the likelihood of NTDs, including:
- A prior pregnancy affected by an NTD, which increases the risk by approximately 20 times.
- Maternal insulin-dependent diabetes.
- Usage of specific anti-seizure medications like Valproic acid/Depakene or Carbamazepine/Tegretol.
- Diagnosed obesity.
- Elevated body temperatures in early pregnancy, such as prolonged fevers or hot tub use.
- Racial/ethnic background, with higher occurrences among white and Hispanic women.
- Lower socioeconomic status.
Can Spina Bifida be Detected Before Birth?
Yes, spina bifida can be identified through various tests, although no test guarantees 100% accuracy. Detection methods include:
- A blood test conducted between the 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy called the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening, which shows elevated levels in 75–80% of women carrying a fetus with spina bifida.
- An ultrasound (sonogram) that can reveal signs of spina bifida, such as an open spine.
- Maternal amniocentesis, where a small amount of amniotic fluid is sampled using a thin needle to assess protein levels.
Preventing Spina Bifida
The best way to reduce the risk of spina bifida is to take 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid daily. Research indicates that if all women of childbearing age took a multivitamin containing folic acid, up to 70% of neural tube defects could be prevented. Folic acid, a water-soluble B vitamin, supports the formation of healthy cells but does not remain in the body long, making daily intake crucial.
Given that about half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, it’s advisable for women of reproductive age—regardless of current pregnancy plans—to take 400 mcg of folic acid daily.
What if You Are at Higher Risk for Spina Bifida?
Women with a history of pregnancies affected by NTDs should consider a higher intake of folic acid, typically 10 times greater when planning for pregnancy. This higher dosage must be prescribed by a healthcare provider. It’s also wise for adults with spina bifida and couples who already have a child with the condition to consult their OB-GYN or a genetic counselor about personal risk factors and preventive measures.
For more insights into managing pregnancy, including options for at-home insemination, you can explore resources like Make A Mom for their reusable insemination options or check out how at-home insemination works. Additionally, if you’re considering options like sperm donation, Vegas Pregnancy offers a free matching service in Las Vegas.
For further reading, you may find useful insights on pregnancy treatments and the implications of spina bifida at Modern Family Blog. For parents looking to understand more about their child’s health, check out our post on the 4moms breeze playard.
Summary
Spina bifida is a significant condition that can be detected and potentially prevented through proper measures like daily folic acid intake. While the risk factors are multifaceted, awareness and proactive steps can lead to better health outcomes for both mothers and their children.