Cordocentesis, also referred to as percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), is a diagnostic procedure that tests fetal blood for potential abnormalities.
How is Cordocentesis Performed?
To conduct the procedure, advanced ultrasound imaging is first used to identify the precise location where the umbilical cord connects to the placenta. This imaging guides a thin needle through the uterine and abdominal walls into the umbilical cord. A small sample of fetal blood is then collected through the needle and sent to a lab for analysis, with results typically available within 72 hours. This procedure is akin to amniocentesis, but the primary aim is to retrieve fetal blood instead of amniotic fluid.
When is Cordocentesis Conducted?
Cordocentesis is generally performed when diagnostic information cannot be obtained through amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), or ultrasound, or when the results from these tests are inconclusive. This procedure is usually carried out after the 17th week of pregnancy.
What Does Cordocentesis Test For?
This test is primarily used to detect chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down syndrome) and blood disorders (like fetal hemolytic disease). Cordocentesis can assist in diagnosing concerns including:
- Fetal malformations
- Infections (e.g., rubella or toxoplasmosis)
- Fetal blood platelet counts
- Fetal anemia
- Isoimmunization
It’s important to note that cordocentesis differs from amniocentesis, as it does not test for neural tube defects.
Interpreting the Results of Cordocentesis
Cordocentesis offers high accuracy in detecting chromosomal and specific blood disorders. However, while the test can identify these conditions, it does not assess their severity. Additionally, it does not provide information about neural tube defects.
What are the Risks and Side Effects?
While cordocentesis is generally considered safe, it is an invasive diagnostic test that carries potential risks. The main risk associated with the procedure is miscarriage, occurring in approximately 1-2 out of every 100 tests conducted. Other possible side effects include:
- Bleeding at the puncture site
- Infection
- Decreased fetal heart rate
- Premature rupture of membranes
If you experience persistent or worsening symptoms, contact your healthcare provider. You should also reach out if you have:
- Fever
- Chills
- Leakage of amniotic fluid
Reasons for Considering or Avoiding Testing
Decisions about whether to undergo testing can vary widely among individuals, couples, and healthcare providers. Undergoing tests and confirming diagnoses can offer valuable opportunities, such as:
- Exploring potential medical interventions
- Planning for a child with special needs
- Preparing for anticipated lifestyle changes
- Identifying support groups and resources
Conversely, some individuals or couples may choose to forgo testing for various reasons:
- Comfort with the results, regardless of outcome
- Personal, moral, or religious beliefs that preclude decisions about carrying the pregnancy to term
- Desire to avoid any procedures that might pose risks to the developing baby
Discussing the risks and benefits of testing thoroughly with your healthcare provider is essential. They can help you weigh whether the benefits of potential results might outweigh the risks associated with the procedure.
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In summary, cordocentesis is a significant procedure that helps in diagnosing fetal health concerns through blood sampling. While the test carries risks, it can also provide crucial information for expectant parents.