The ‘Grandmother Hypothesis’ Explains How Our Grandmothers Played a Vital Role in Human Evolution

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I defied the odds of survival after being born three months premature in 1982, weighing just 1lb and 10oz. My teenage parents struggled to navigate their relationship and parenthood, ultimately leaving me to the care of my maternal grandmother. Without her support, I might not have made it; my parents were too overwhelmed to care for me or their marriage. Under my grandmother’s nurturing guidance, I was provided with daily meals, lessons about cleanliness (and the importance of faith), and the strength to persevere. She was my steadfast anchor, helping me become the person I am today.

Anthropologist Kristen Hawkes from the University of Utah posits that grandmothers contribute significantly to our development, equipping us with essential social skills that form the basis for uniquely human characteristics such as pair bonding, cognitive growth, and cooperative behavior. My own life serves as a testament to the profound impact a grandmother can have.

The Grandmother Hypothesis suggests that our long lifespans may be linked to the essential role grandmothers play. As noted in Lindsay Abrams’s article in The Atlantic, researchers Kristen Hawkes and James O’Connell assert that in prehistoric times, older women helped gather food for their grandchildren, allowing their daughters to have more children more rapidly. Consequently, the most evolutionarily advantageous grandmothers were those with the most grandchildren, passing on genes that promote longevity.

Research by Sacha Engelhardt found that women living more than 200 miles from their mothers (the grandmothers of their children) had 1.75 fewer kids than those whose mothers lived nearby. My grandmother was a tireless force, waking me each morning and guiding me through chores, cooking, and caring for my siblings. She stepped into the roles my mother could not fulfill, demonstrating that everyone thrives when a nurturing grandmother is present.

A Finnish study showed that toddlers with a grandmother aged 50 to 75 in their lives had higher survival rates. Grandma’s support is particularly crucial between ages 2 and 5, though her influence diminishes as mortality rates rise. These findings suggest that while human lifespans extend beyond our reproductive years, grandmothers play a vital role primarily when they are in their 50s, 60s, and early 70s. Their involvement during these formative years can significantly boost reproductive success, pushing human life beyond the typical limits of old age.

Regardless of age, a grandmother’s presence remains invaluable. As children grow and require less hands-on assistance, they can still draw on their grandmothers’ wisdom and life experiences. My grandmother, soon to be 82, continues to share her stories, and we listen with the same interest she showed me during my childhood. Even from afar, she keeps our family connected, despite her unfamiliarity with technology like FaceTime or Skype.

While I understand that our grandmothers won’t be around forever, their enduring support for us and our children is a legacy that has persisted through generations. Just as grandmothers have always been there for us, they will continue to be present for years to come.

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Summary:

The Grandmother Hypothesis highlights the critical role grandmothers play in human evolution by providing support that enhances child survival and reproductive success. Through nurturing and sharing wisdom, grandmothers have historically contributed to the well-being of families, extending human lifespans beyond reproductive years. Their influence remains significant, fostering connections across generations.

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