The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), classified as human herpes virus 4, is the most prevalent human virus and part of the herpes virus family. By the age of 35, most individuals will have developed antibodies to EBV, indicating prior infection. Once a person contracts EBV, the virus remains in their body for life, typically in a dormant state. After an initial infection, it can reactivate later, sometimes leading to mono during pregnancy.
Can Babies Be Infected with EBV?
In healthy infants and adults, initial exposure to EBV often doesn’t result in noticeable symptoms. However, teenagers, young adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems may experience more severe reactions, which can lead to infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as “mono.” While EBV is a leading cause of mono, it’s not the only culprit—about 25% of EBV infections in teens and young adults result in this condition.
EBV can also be associated with various other health issues, including:
- Viral meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Transverse myelitis
- Optic neuritis
- Facial paralysis
- Acute cerebellar ataxia
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Pancreatitis
- Myocarditis
- Pneumonia
- Lung disease
- Lymphocytosis
- Weakened immune system
For more information about these potential illnesses, you can visit the CDC’s website. If you’re experiencing concerning symptoms, reach out to your healthcare provider promptly.
Transmission of EBV
Primarily, EBV spreads through saliva, which is why mono is often referred to as the “kissing disease.” However, it can also be transmitted through other bodily fluids.
Symptoms of EBV Infection
The signs of an EBV infection can include:
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Fatigue
- Skin rash
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
- Enlarged liver and spleen
Typically, these symptoms last no longer than 1-2 weeks, although fatigue may linger. Many healthy children and adults may not show any symptoms, or they may present as mild illnesses similar to the common cold. Those most likely to experience symptoms include individuals with compromised immune systems, including some pregnant women.
Signs of Infectious Mononucleosis
The symptoms of mono resemble those of EBV but are often more intense, including:
- High fever
- Severe fatigue
- Sore throat
- Skin rash
- Headaches
- Body aches
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
- Enlarged liver or spleen
Most people recover within 1-2 weeks, but some may take several weeks to regain their energy—sometimes up to six months. If symptoms persist for over six months, a rare chronic active EBV infection might be diagnosed. It’s crucial to consult with your doctor if symptoms do not improve after two weeks, especially if they extend beyond six months. While EBV is the most common cause of mono, other viruses like cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and hepatitis can also be responsible.
Diagnosing EBV
Given that EBV symptoms can mimic other minor illnesses, the best way to confirm an infection is through a blood test that checks for specific antibodies. If these antibodies are present, it indicates an EBV infection.
Treatment Options
As EBV is a virus, treatment mainly focuses on alleviating symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help with body aches and fever. Pregnant women should use acetaminophen while avoiding ibuprofen for safety.
If you receive a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, your doctor will monitor your health closely and recommend similar symptomatic treatments, along with extended rest. If the infection adversely affects your organs, particularly the spleen or liver, your doctor may take further steps. Because mono can lead to an enlarged spleen, avoiding contact sports is critical to prevent potential ruptures.
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In summary, EBV is a common virus that can reactivate during pregnancy, potentially leading to complications like infectious mononucleosis. Understanding its symptoms, transmission, and treatment options can help manage your health during this crucial time.