Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that often presents with genital warts. During pregnancy, hormonal changes can cause these warts to grow more rapidly. Additionally, the increased vaginal discharge associated with pregnancy provides a warm, moist environment that can encourage wart growth.
How is HPV diagnosed during pregnancy?
Typically, obstetricians don’t routinely test for HPV during pregnancy unless there are specific concerns. Diagnosis often occurs when warts are visible or during a routine Pap test. This test involves a swab that collects a small sample of cells from the cervix, which is then sent to a lab for analysis. If precancerous cells are found, it may indicate the presence of HPV.
For women over 30, OB-GYNs can also perform an HPV DNA test alongside the Pap test. This test identifies high-risk HPV types that could lead to cervical cancer.
What are the symptoms of HPV?
In many cases, HPV doesn’t present any symptoms. People can be infected without realizing it. However, some individuals may notice genital warts on areas such as the penis, scrotum, labia, vagina, cervix, or anus.
Can having HPV lead to other problems?
While many individuals with HPV remain asymptomatic, the virus can cause genital warts that may recur after treatment. It can also lead to precancerous changes in the cervix, which may result in abnormal Pap results. In some cases, HPV can cause cancers of the cervix, labia, anus, or penis. Although there is currently no cure for HPV, the body’s immune system may eventually clear the virus, which can take months or even years. It’s important to note that even without visible symptoms, HPV can still be transmitted to partners.
How is it transmitted?
HPV spreads through skin-to-skin genital contact, most commonly during sexual activities such as oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse. Transmission can occur even if the infected individual shows no symptoms.
How is HPV diagnosed?
Diagnosis methods include:
- A pelvic exam to check for warts
- A Pap smear to identify precancerous or cancerous cells
- A biopsy to remove tissue samples from warts, the cervix, or other genital areas
The liquid-based Pap test is more effective than the traditional Pap smear for detecting abnormal cervical cells. In this procedure, the collected cells are placed in a liquid medium, preserving more cells while minimizing contamination from blood or mucus. Most health professionals recommend the liquid-based Pap test for women at risk of HPV.
In 2003, a screening test was approved that can be done alongside a Pap test to detect HPV. The HPV DNA test identifies high-risk HPV types, such as 16 and 18, before any abnormal cells appear on the cervix. This screening is suggested for women over 30, who are at higher risk of developing lasting HPV infections that could lead to precancerous conditions. Currently, there is no test available to detect HPV in men.
What is the treatment for HPV?
There is no cure for HPV for those whose immune systems cannot eliminate the virus. However, warts can be treated or removed through methods such as chemicals, freezing, burning, laser therapy, or surgery. Research indicates a direct link between HPV and cervical cancer, with certain strains accounting for approximately 70% of cases. Fortunately, most women who receive treatment for HPV do not develop cervical cancer. Pre-cancerous cells may be treated through various methods, and if cancer develops, it can be addressed with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Regular screenings can help prevent cervical cancer.
Can HPV be prevented?
The Gardasil vaccine offers protection against certain HPV-related diseases by potentially preventing types 6, 11, 16, and 18. However, there are about 30 other sexually transmitted HPV types that Gardasil does not cover. The vaccine is administered in a series of three injections over six months but does not treat existing infections. Minor side effects include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, and nausea, while more severe reactions can involve headaches or stomach inflammation. Due to the presence of aluminum in the vaccine, it is not recommended for pregnant women or those planning to conceive.
There are two primary ways to prevent HPV: abstaining from any sexual contact or maintaining a long-term monogamous relationship with a partner who has no other sexual history. While condoms can reduce the risk of transmission, they do not provide complete protection.
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Summary
HPV is a common viral infection that may not show symptoms but can lead to complications during pregnancy. Regular screenings, awareness of transmission methods, and available vaccines can help manage the risks. For those exploring alternative routes to pregnancy, services like Vegas Pregnancy can assist with sperm donor matching.