Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a viral condition that can be transmitted from a mother to her developing child during pregnancy. Generally, CMV infection is harmless for most healthy individuals and often goes unnoticed. In fact, after a person becomes infected, the virus can remain dormant in their body for life without causing health issues.
Types and Effects of CMV Infection
CMV infection can be categorized into two main types: primary CMV infection and recurrent CMV infection. Primary infections may pose more significant risks during pregnancy compared to recurrent infections. However, for the majority of individuals, CMV infection does not lead to serious problems unless the immune system is severely compromised.
To understand the specific effects of congenital CMV, which occurs when a baby contracts the virus before birth, you can check out our article on Congenital CMV.
Symptoms of CMV Infection
Most adults and children infected with CMV do not show symptoms. However, some individuals may experience:
- Fever
- Swollen glands
- Fatigue
- Muscle pain
- Decreased appetite
- Weakness
- Joint stiffness
Characteristics and Prevalence of CMV
CMV belongs to the herpes virus family and is notable for its ability to remain dormant in the body for extended periods. The virus can be found in various bodily fluids such as saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk, often being shed intermittently without any visible symptoms.
By the age of 40, over half of adults have been infected with CMV, with higher prevalence in developing countries and among lower socioeconomic groups. Babies in utero are particularly vulnerable, as CMV is the most common virus that infants are born with in the United States. Those who work closely with children and immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients or those living with HIV, are also at increased risk.
Transmission of CMV
CMV is primarily spread through direct contact with bodily fluids and is not linked to food, water, or animals. While it is not highly contagious, it can spread in households and daycare settings. To reduce the risk of transmission, especially among young children and their families, practicing good hygiene—such as hand washing and avoiding touching the face—can be beneficial. The virus can enter the body through the mouth, eyes, or nose if it is on the hands.
Diagnosis of CMV Infection
CMV infections are often undiagnosed due to the lack of symptoms. However, individuals who have been infected develop lifelong antibodies to the virus. Blood tests can confirm these antibodies, and additional tests may involve culturing the virus from urine, throat swabs, or tissue samples.
If a pregnant woman is diagnosed with CMV, fetal monitoring can include procedures like amniocentesis, though this carries risks of transmitting the virus to the baby. Symptoms indicating potential infection during pregnancy include low amniotic fluid levels, growth restrictions, and brain tissue enlargement. After birth, saliva, urine, or blood tests can confirm congenital CMV.
Treatment Options for CMV
Currently, there is no vaccine for CMV, but some treatments are being explored. Notably, a study suggests that administering hyperimmune globulin to pregnant women may help protect the fetus from the infection. While antiviral medications like Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir can manage some effects of congenital CMV, they do not completely prevent symptoms or long-term consequences.
If you’re interested in understanding potential birth defects resulting from CMV infection, refer to our Congenital CMV article.
Preventing CMV Infection
Preventing the spread of CMV is often achievable, particularly since it is primarily transmitted through direct contact.
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In summary, while CMV infection is commonly harmless for most individuals, its implications during pregnancy warrant attention. By understanding CMV and taking preventive measures, families can better navigate the challenges that may arise.