Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that affects nearly 6.2 million new individuals each year. With over 100 different strains, about 30 of these types can be transmitted sexually. Approximately 20 million people in the United States are currently living with HPV, and it is estimated that 50-75% of sexually active individuals will contract it at some point in their lives.
What Are the Symptoms of HPV?
Most individuals infected with HPV experience no symptoms at all, often remaining unaware of their condition. In some cases, symptoms manifest as genital warts, which may appear on the penis, scrotum, vulva, vagina, cervix, or anus.
Can HPV Cause Other Issues?
While many people infected with HPV feel fine and are unaware of their infection, it can lead to complications such as genital warts that might recur after treatment. HPV can also cause precancerous changes in cervical cells, resulting in abnormal Pap test results. Furthermore, it is linked to cancers of the cervix, vulva, anus, and penis. Unfortunately, there is no cure for HPV, meaning that once contracted, it can remain a lifelong infection. The good news is that the body’s natural immune system often clears the virus, but this process can take months or even years. It’s important to note that even in the absence of visible symptoms, HPV can still be transmitted to others.
How Is HPV Transmitted?
HPV is spread through skin-to-skin genital contact, primarily during sexual activities such as oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Transmission can occur even when an infected person shows no symptoms.
How Is HPV Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically conducted by a healthcare provider through one of several methods:
- Pelvic examinations to look for warts
- Pap tests to identify precancerous or cancerous cervical cells
- Biopsies of warts or abnormal areas
Liquid-based Pap tests are significantly more effective at detecting abnormal cervical cells than traditional methods. During this process, collected cells are placed in liquid, preserving more cells and minimizing contamination from blood or mucus. It is generally recommended that women at risk for HPV undergo this test.
In 2003, the FDA approved a test that can be performed alongside a Pap test to determine the presence of HPV. This HPV DNA test can identify high-risk strains like types 16 and 18 before abnormal cells are detected. This is particularly advised for women over 30, who are at increased risk for chronic HPV infections.
Currently, no test exists to detect HPV in men, who can still carry and transmit the virus without any symptoms.
What Is the Treatment for HPV?
Currently, there is no cure for HPV for individuals whose immune systems cannot clear the virus. However, treatments are available for the symptoms, such as genital warts, which can be removed through chemical treatments, freezing, burning, laser therapy, or surgery. Research indicates that cervical cancer is closely linked to HPV, with around 70% of cervical cancers caused by the virus. Fortunately, most women treated for HPV do not develop cervical cancer. Most precancerous cervical cells can be managed with freezing, burning, or surgical methods. If abnormal cells progress to cancer, they may require surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. With appropriate treatment, cervical cancer is preventable.
Can HPV Be Prevented?
One way to reduce the risk of HPV infection is through vaccination with Gardasil, which protects against certain types of HPV related to cancer and genital warts. Gardasil is administered in three doses over six months and does not treat existing HPV infections. It is important to note that Gardasil is not recommended for pregnant women or those who may become pregnant.
The only surefire ways to prevent HPV transmission include abstaining from any form of sexual contact or being in a long-term monogamous relationship with someone who has not had other sexual partners.
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In summary, while HPV is a common viral infection, its implications can be serious. Being informed about its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention can empower individuals to make educated health choices.